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The lowest of these states is the ground state and this often, but not always, arises from removal of the electron from the HOMO. The other states are excited electronic states. For example, the electronic configuration of the H 2 O molecule is (1a 1 ) 2 (2a 1 ) 2 (1b 2 ) 2 (3a 1 ) 2 (1b 1 ) 2 , [ 10 ] where the symbols a 1 , b 2 and b 1 are ...
where is the ratio of the rate of the substituted reaction compared to the reference reaction, ρ* is the sensitivity factor for the reaction to polar effects, σ* is the polar substituent constant that describes the field and inductive effects of the substituent, δ is the sensitivity factor for the reaction to steric effects, and E s is ...
Field effect on a carbonyl arising from the formal charge on N in a quaternary ammonium salt. A field effect is the polarization of a molecule through space. The effect is a result of an electric field produced by charge localization in a molecule. [1]
Ground effect may refer to: Ground effect (aerodynamics), the increased lift and decreased aerodynamic drag of a wing close to a fixed surface; Ground effect (cars), an effect that creates downforce, primarily in racing cars; Ground-effect vehicle, a vehicle which attains level flight near the surface of the Earth due to ground effect
During takeoff, ground effect can cause the aircraft to "float" while below the recommended climb speed. The pilot can then fly just above the runway while the aircraft accelerates in ground effect until a safe climb speed is reached. [2] For rotorcraft, ground effect results in less drag on the rotor during hovering close to the ground. At ...
(The Center Square) – While many states expanded and adopted school choice programs in 2024, some advocates are excited about new education options for families in 2025 – made possible because ...
For example, the ground state of a carbon atom is 3 P (Term symbol). The superscript three (read as triplet ) indicates that the multiplicity 2S+1 = 3, so that the total spin S = 1. This spin is due to two unpaired electrons , as a result of Hund's rule which favors the single filling of degenerate orbitals.
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