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In elementary algebra, completing the square is a technique for converting a quadratic polynomial of the form + + to the form + for some values of and . [1] In terms of a new quantity x − h {\displaystyle x-h} , this expression is a quadratic polynomial with no linear term.
The vertex of a parabola is the place where it turns; hence, it is also called the turning point. If the quadratic function is in vertex form, the vertex is (h, k). Using the method of completing the square, one can turn the standard form = + + into
To complete the square, form a squared binomial on the left-hand side of a quadratic equation, from which the solution can be found by taking the square root of both sides. The standard way to derive the quadratic formula is to apply the method of completing the square to the generic quadratic equation a x 2 + b x + c = 0 {\displaystyle ...
The quadratic equation on a number can be solved using the well-known quadratic formula, which can be derived by completing the square. That formula always gives the roots of the quadratic equation, but the solutions are expressed in a form that often involves a quadratic irrational number, which is an algebraic fraction that can be evaluated ...
Completing the square can be used to derive a general formula for solving quadratic equations, called the quadratic formula. [9] The mathematical proof will now be briefly summarized. [ 10 ] It can easily be seen, by polynomial expansion , that the following equation is equivalent to the quadratic equation: ( x + b 2 a ) 2 = b 2 − 4 a c 4 a 2 ...
When m is a root of this equation, the right-hand side of equation is the square (). However, this induces a division by zero if m = 0. This implies q = 0, and thus that the depressed equation is bi-quadratic, and may be solved by an easier method (see above). This was not a problem at the time of Ferrari, when one solved only explicitly given ...
He considered what is now called Pell's equation, x 2 − ny 2 = 1, and found a method for its solution. [4] In Europe this problem was studied by Brouncker, Euler and Lagrange. In 1801 Gauss published Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, a major portion of which was devoted to a complete theory of binary quadratic forms over the integers.
Consider a quartic equation expressed in the form + + + + =: There exists a general formula for finding the roots to quartic equations, provided the coefficient of the leading term is non-zero. However, since the general method is quite complex and susceptible to errors in execution, it is better to apply one of the special cases listed below ...