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The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer. [1] [2] Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the tumour; the number of involved lymph nodes; and the grade of the tumour. [1] It is calculated to select patients for adjuvant treatment.
The Nottingham system is also called the Bloom–Richardson–Elston system (BRE), [14] or the Elston-Ellis modification [15] of the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grading system. [16] [17] It grades breast carcinomas by adding up scores for tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism, and mitotic count, each of which is given 1
This system uses a grading score ranging from 2 to 10. Lower Gleason scores describe well-differentiated less aggressive tumors. Other systems include the Bloom-Richardson grading system for breast cancer and the Fuhrman system for kidney cancer. Invasive-front grading is useful as well in oral squamous cell carcinoma. [4]
The histologic appearance of cancer cells can be scored on these three parameters on a scale from one to three. The sum of these grades is a number between 3 and 9. The score is called a Bloom Richardson Grade (BR) and is expressed [sum of the grades]/9. For example, cells that were graded 2 on all three parameters would result in a BR score of ...
The histological slides are examined under a microscope by a pathologist, a medically qualified specialist who has completed a recognised training program. This medical diagnosis is formulated as a pathology report describing the histological findings and the opinion of the pathologist.
A total score is calculated based on how cells look under a microscope, with the first half of the score based on the dominant, or most common cell morphology (scored 1 to 5), and the second half based on the non-dominant cell pattern with the highest grade (scored 1 to 5). These two numbers are then combined to produce a total score for the ...
Positive histologic stains that aid in the diagnosis of conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system Stain Cell, material, and/or structure(s) stained Condition(s) in which stain is positive Actin-specific enolase: Infantile digital fibromatosis: AE1/AE3: Squamous cell carcinoma: Alcian blue: Lipoid proteinosis Papular mucinosis ...
Leslie Sobin edited the first edition, published from 1967 to 1981, as the International Histological Classification of Tumors series. [9] [10] Sobin edited a second edition of 25 volumes, published by Springer between 1982 and 2002. [9] In 1993 the WHO approved a concise classification of tumours affecting the central nervous system. [11]