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In economics, inferior goods are those goods the demand for which falls with increase in income of the consumer. So, there is an inverse relationship between income of the consumer and the demand for inferior goods. [1] There are many examples of inferior goods, including cheap cars, public transit options, payday lending, and
the good in question must be an inferior good, there must be a lack of close substitute goods, and; the goods must constitute a substantial percentage of the buyer's income, but not such a substantial percentage of the buyer's income that none of the associated normal goods are consumed.
A Giffen good describes an inferior good that, as the price increases, demand for the product increases. As an example, during the Great Famine of Ireland of the 19th century, potatoes were considered a Giffen good. Potatoes were the largest staple in the Irish diet, so as the price rose it had a large impact on income.
There is an important conceptual distinction between a demerit good and a negative externality. A negative externality occurs when the consumption of a good has measurable negative consequences on others who do not consume the good themselves. [5] Pollution (due, for example, to automobile use) is the canonical example of a negative externality.
Two such types of goods have been given definitions and names that are in common use: Veblen goods, goods which because of fashion or signalling are more attractive at higher prices, and Giffen goods, which, by virtue of being inferior goods that absorb a large part of a consumer's income (e.g., staples such as the classic example of potatoes ...
An example of complementary goods are cereal and milk. An example of substitute goods are tea and coffee. These two goods satisfy the three conditions: tea and coffee have similar performance characteristics (they quench a thirst), they both have similar occasions for use (in the morning) and both are usually sold in the same geographic area ...
Figure 3: with an increase of income, demand for normal good X 2 rises while, demand for inferior good X 1 falls. The figure on the right (figure 3), shows the consumption patterns of the consumer of two goods X 1 and X 2, the prices of which are p 1 and p 2 respectively, where B1 and B2 are the budget lines and I 1 and I 2 are the
In economics, gross substitutes (GS) is a class of utility functions on indivisible goods.An agent is said to have a GS valuation if, whenever the prices of some items increase and the prices of other items remain constant, the agent's demand for the items whose price remain constant weakly increases.