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Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge.Also called theory of knowledge, it explores different types of knowledge, such as propositional knowledge about facts, practical knowledge in the form of skills, and knowledge by acquaintance as a familiarity through experience.
Being an epistemically virtuous person is often equated with being a critical thinker and focuses on the human agent and the kind of practices that make it possible to arrive at the best accessible approximation of the truth. [5] [6] Epistemic virtues include conscientiousness [7] as well as the following: [6] attentiveness
Certainty (also known as epistemic certainty or objective certainty) is the epistemic property of beliefs which a person has no rational grounds for doubting. [1] One standard way of defining epistemic certainty is that a belief is certain if and only if the person holding that belief could not be mistaken in holding that belief.
Epistemic motivation derives from the broader theory of lay epistemics, which addresses the processes in which individuals form their knowledge in regards to varied topics, such as all possible contents of knowledge, including attitudes, beliefs, causal attributions, impressions, opinions, statistical inferences, and stereotypes.
epistemically necessary if it is certain (or must be the case), given what we know; epistemically impossible if it cannot be true, given what we know;
Foundationalism holds that all beliefs must be justified in order to be known. Beliefs therefore fall into two categories: Beliefs that are properly basic, in that they do not depend upon justification of other beliefs, but on something outside the realm of belief (a "non-doxastic justification").
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Justification (also called epistemic justification) is a property of beliefs that fulfill certain norms about what a person should believe. [1] [2] Epistemologists often identify justification as a component of knowledge distinguishing it from mere true opinion. [3]