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Diphenyl oxalate (trademark name Cyalume) is a solid whose oxidation products are responsible for the chemiluminescence in a glowstick. This chemical is the double ester of phenol with oxalic acid. Upon reaction with hydrogen peroxide, 1,2-dioxetanedione is formed, along with release of the two phenols. [2]
The reaction rate is pH dependent, and slightly alkaline conditions achieved by adding a weak base, e.g. sodium salicylate, will produce brighter light.Developed by American Cyanamid in the 1960s, the formulation containing CPPO, a fluorescer, and a glass capsule containing hydrogen peroxide and a base catalyst, all in dialkyl phthalate solvents, was marketed as Cyalume.
The NATO Stock Number or National Stock Number (NSN) is a 13-digit alphanumeric code consisting of a Group of Supply, a Class of Supply and the unique NIIN to designate unique items of supply grouped by their relative catalog category. The first four digits are the NATO Supply Classification (NSC) or Federal Supply Class (FSC) code.
Disassembly of a chemoluminescent glow stick, from left to right: (1) original, intact lightstick; (2) opened glow stick with peroxide mixture poured into a graduated cylinder and glass ampoule of fluorophore removed; (3) all three under UV illumination showing fluorophore fluorescence and plastic container fluorescence; (4) chemoluminescence ...
An NSN on the tag of a pair of trousers. A NATO Stock Number, or National Stock Number (NSN) as it is known in the U.S., is a 13-digit numeric code used by the NATO military alliance, identifying all the 'standardized material items of supply' as they have been recognized by all member states of NATO.
It was 11 digits long and was the same number as the NSN (see National Stock Number), minus the two-digit NCB code. The digits "00" were later added in the place of the NCB digits to virtually all FSN numbers to create compliant American 13-digit NSN numbers. The FSN was officially replaced by the NATO Stock Number beginning on September 30, 1974.
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A photograph showing two Fulton MX-991/U Flashlights, next to an unofficial reproduction and a standard angle-head flashlight. The MX-991/U Flashlight (aka GI Flashlight, Army flashlight, or Moonbeam [1]) from the TL-122 military flashlight series of 1937-1944 and is a development of the MX-99/U flashlight issued in 1963 [clarification needed].