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  2. Space (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_(mathematics)

    In ancient Greek mathematics, "space" was a geometric abstraction of the three-dimensional reality observed in everyday life. About 300 BC, Euclid gave axioms for the properties of space. Euclid built all of mathematics on these geometric foundations, going so far as to define numbers by comparing the lengths of line segments to the length of a ...

  3. The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Large_Scale_Structure...

    In his 1988 book A Brief History of Time, he describes The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time as "highly technical" and unreadable for the layperson. The book, now considered a classic, has also appeared in paperback format and has been reprinted many times. a A fiftieth anniversary edition was published by Cambridge University Press in ...

  4. Metric space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_space

    In mathematics, a metric space is a set together with a notion of distance between its elements, usually called points. The distance is measured by a function called a metric or distance function. [1] Metric spaces are the most general setting for studying many of the concepts of mathematical analysis and geometry.

  5. Introduction to the mathematics of general relativity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_the...

    High-precision test of general relativity by the Cassini space probe (artist's impression): radio signals sent between the Earth and the probe (green wave) are delayed by the warping of space and time (blue lines) due to the Sun's mass. That is, the Sun's mass causes the regular grid coordinate system (in blue) to distort and have curvature.

  6. Tetrad formalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrad_formalism

    The tetrad formalism is an approach to general relativity that generalizes the choice of basis for the tangent bundle from a coordinate basis to the less restrictive choice of a local basis, i.e. a locally defined set of four [a] linearly independent vector fields called a tetrad or vierbein. [1]

  7. Spacetime algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime_algebra

    In mathematical physics, spacetime algebra (STA) is the application of Clifford algebra Cl 1,3 (R), or equivalently the geometric algebra G(M 4) to physics. Spacetime algebra provides a "unified, coordinate-free formulation for all of relativistic physics, including the Dirac equation, Maxwell equation and General Relativity" and "reduces the mathematical divide between classical, quantum and ...

  8. Mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

    The oldest known mathematics textbook is the Rhind papyrus, dated from c. 1650 BCE in Egypt. [184] Due to a scarcity of books, mathematical teachings in ancient India were communicated using memorized oral tradition since the Vedic period ( c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE ). [ 185 ]

  9. Algebra of physical space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra_of_physical_space

    In physics, the algebra of physical space (APS) is the use of the Clifford or geometric algebra Cl 3,0 (R) of the three-dimensional Euclidean space as a model for (3+1)-dimensional spacetime, representing a point in spacetime via a paravector (3-dimensional vector plus a 1-dimensional scalar).

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