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According to Michael K. Miller, elite-driven democratization is particularly likely in the wake of major violent shocks (either domestic or international) which provide openings to opposition actors to the authoritarian regime. [162]
Abbott; Addams; Carson; Commager; Dewey; Douglass; Dworkin; Emerson; Frank (Thomas) Franklin; Friedan; Friedman; Galbraith; Garrison; Hofstadter; Ingersoll; Ireland ...
Democratization waves have been linked to sudden shifts in the distribution of power among the great powers, which created openings and incentives to introduce sweeping domestic reforms. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Although transitional regimes experience more civil unrest, [ 7 ] [ 8 ] they may be considered stable in a transitional phase for decades at a time.
In political science, the waves of democracy or waves of democratization are major surges of democracy that have occurred in history. Although the term appears at least as early as 1887, [1] it was popularized by Samuel P. Huntington, a political scientist at Harvard University, in his article published in the Journal of Democracy and further expounded in his 1991 book, The Third Wave ...
His approach is to compare the formal institutional rules (for example the constitution) with the informal practices of actors, arguing that in many countries exists a ‘gap’ between the two. Consolidation on this view is when the actors in a system follow (have informally institutionalised) the formal rules of the democratic institution. [8]
The rationale for outside support for democratization in the Middle East is outlined by Albrecht Schnabel, who says that the Middle East is a region with strong authoritarian regimes and weak civil society and identifies the democratization dilemma in the region as the following: a strong civil society is required to produce leaders and ...
Dankwart Rustow, father of the theory of transitology, former Columbia University professor, and professor for 25 years at the City University of New York. [3]Philippe C. Schmitter, a key proposes on transitology and author of Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (1986) with Guillermo O'Donnell.
Dankwart Alexander Rustow (December 21, 1924 – August 3, 1996) was a professor of political science and sociology specializing in comparative politics.He is prominent for his research on democratization.