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In the contiguous 48 states of the US, urban impervious cover adds up to 43,000 square miles (110,000 km 2). Development adds 390 square miles (1,000 km 2) annually. Typically, two-thirds of the cover is pavements and one-third is building roofs. [2]
The shingles produced in 1939 were sufficient to cover more than 1,000,000 dwellings, assuming an average size of 10 squares per roof. In two surveys of roofing materials in 20 Eastern States, - made during 1938, the kinds of roofing materials on 20,841 dwellings along 4,038 miles of highway were tabulated.
An asphalt concrete surface will generally be constructed for high-volume primary highways having an average annual daily traffic load greater than 1,200 vehicles per day. [19] Advantages of asphalt roadways include relatively low noise, relatively low cost compared with other paving methods, and perceived ease of repair.
Area density typically ranges from 1.8 to 2.3 pounds per square foot (8.8–11.2 kg/m 2). Fiberglass shingles gradually began to replace organic felt shingles, and by 1982 overtook them in use. Widespread hurricane damage in Florida during the 1990s prompted the industry to adhere to a 1700-gram tear value on finished asphalt shingles ...
Chip seal products can be installed over gravel roads to eliminate the cost of grading, road roughness, dust, mud, and the cost of adding gravel lost from grading. Adding chip seal over gravel is about 25% of the price of resurfacing with asphalt, $170,000 for a 4-mile project done in Minnesota [6] compared to $760,000 had it been redone with ...
Permeable pavement surfaces may be composed of; pervious concrete, porous asphalt, paving stones, or interlocking pavers. [1] Unlike traditional impervious paving materials such as concrete and asphalt, permeable paving systems allow stormwater to percolate and infiltrate through the pavement and into the aggregate layers and/or soil below. In ...
There are about 4,000 asphalt concrete mixing plants in the US, and a similar number in Europe. [85] Asphalt concrete is usually placed on top in a road. Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5% bitumen (known as asphalt cement in the US) and 95% aggregates (stone, sand, and gravel).
Unbound granular materials are usually crushed stone, [3] crushed slag or concrete, or slate. Cement-bound materials come in multiple types. Mass concrete is used where exceptional loads are expected, with thickness usually 100 to 150 millimetres (4 to 6 in ), and optional reinforcement with steel mesh or polymer fibers.
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