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  2. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    The inductive effect is the transmission of charge through covalent bonds and Bent's rule provides a mechanism for such results via differences in hybridisation. In the table below, [ 26 ] as the groups bonded to the central carbon become more electronegative, the central carbon becomes more electron-withdrawing as measured by the polar ...

  3. Resonance (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)

    Under the framework of valence bond theory, resonance is an extension of the idea that the bonding in a chemical species can be described by a Lewis structure. For many chemical species, a single Lewis structure, consisting of atoms obeying the octet rule, possibly bearing formal charges, and connected by bonds of positive integer order, is sufficient for describing the chemical bonding and ...

  4. Mesomeric effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesomeric_effect

    In chemistry, the mesomeric effect (or resonance effect) is a property of substituents or functional groups in a chemical compound. It is defined as the polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of two pi bonds or between a pi bond and lone pair of electrons present on an adjacent atom. [ 1 ]

  5. Conjugated system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_system

    Cinnamaldehyde is a naturally-occurring compound that has a conjugated system penta-1,3-diene is a molecule with a conjugated system Diazomethane conjugated pi-system. In theoretical chemistry, a conjugated system is a system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in a molecule, which in general lowers the overall energy of the molecule and increases stability.

  6. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilic_aromatic...

    Since the nitro group is an activator toward nucleophilic substitution, and a meta director, it is able to stabilize the additional electron density (via resonance) when the aromatic compound is attacked by the hydroxide nucleophile.

  7. Natural resonance theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resonance_Theory

    Given a list of NBOs for an idealized natural Lewis structure, the NRT functional creates a list of Lewis resonance structures and calculates the resonance weights of each contributing resonance structure. [1] Structural and chemical properties, such as bond order, valency, and bond polarity, may be calculated from resonance weights. [2]

  8. Non-contact atomic force microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-contact_atomic_force...

    The force interactions are measured either by measuring the change in amplitude of the oscillation at a constant frequency just off resonance (amplitude modulation) or by measuring the change in resonant frequency directly using a feedback circuit (usually a phase-locked loop) to always drive the sensor on resonance (frequency modulation).

  9. Molecular orbital theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_theory

    Bond order is the number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms. The bond order of a molecule can be calculated by subtracting the number of electrons in anti-bonding orbitals from the number of bonding orbitals, and the resulting number is then divided by two. A molecule is expected to be stable if it has bond order larger than zero.

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