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Mild signs of hypertensive retinopathy can be seen quite frequently in normal people (3–14% of adult individuals aged ≥40 years), even without hypertension. [4] Hypertensive retinopathy is commonly considered a diagnostic feature of a hypertensive emergency although it is not invariably present. [5]
Elschnig spots are commonly caused by acute hypertensive events of the choroidal vascular system, mostly in the young, because their system of vessels is not ready to handle the changes in blood pressure.
Roth's spots, also known as Litten spots or the Litten sign, [1] are non-specific red lesions with white or pale centres, seen on the retina of the eye and although traditionally associated with infective endocarditis, can occur in a number of other conditions including hypertension, diabetes, collagen vascular disease, extreme hypoxia, leukemia and HIV.
[13] [14] Results of using laser coagulation to treat diabetic retinopathy were first published in 1954. [2] [15] Conventional macular focal and grid laser photocoagulation were established as the treatment of choice for diabetic macular edema in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), which was published in 1985. [2] [16]
Retinopathy, or retinal vascular disease, can be broadly categorized into proliferative and non-proliferative types. Frequently, retinopathy is an ocular manifestation of systemic disease as seen in diabetes or hypertension. [3] Diabetes is the most common cause of retinopathy in the U.S. as of 2008. [4]
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(H35.0) Hypertensive retinopathy — burst blood vessels, due to long-term high blood pressure (H35.0/E10-E14) Diabetic retinopathy — damage to the retina caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which could eventually lead to blindness (H35.0-H35.2) Retinopathy — general term referring to non-inflammatory damage to the retina