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  2. Osmoregulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoregulation

    Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.

  3. Fluid balance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_balance

    The recommended daily amount of drinking water for humans varies. [1] It depends on activity, age, health, and environment.In the United States, the Adequate Intake for total water, based on median intakes, is 4.0 litres (141 imp fl oz; 135 US fl oz) per day for males older than 18, and 3.0 litres (106 imp fl oz; 101 US fl oz) per day for females over 18; it assumes about 80% from drink and 20 ...

  4. Hemodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodynamics

    In a normal circulatory system, the volume of blood returning to the heart each minute is approximately equal to the volume that is pumped out each minute (the cardiac output). [12] Because of this, the velocity of blood flow across each level of the circulatory system is primarily determined by the total cross-sectional area of that level.

  5. Osmoreceptor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmoreceptor

    An osmoreceptor is a sensory receptor primarily found in the hypothalamus of most homeothermic organisms that detects changes in osmotic pressure.Osmoreceptors can be found in several structures, including two of the circumventricular organs – the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, and the subfornical organ.

  6. Intravascular volume status - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravascular_volume_status

    Intravascular volume depletion is divided into three types based on the blood sodium level: Isonatremic (normal blood sodium levels) Example: a child with diarrhea, because both water and sodium are lost in diarrhea. Hyponatremic (abnormally low blood sodium levels). Example: a child with diarrhea who has been given tap water to replete ...

  7. Extracellular fluid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_fluid

    Homeostasis regulates, among others, the pH, sodium, potassium, and calcium concentrations in the ECF. The volume of body fluid, blood glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels are also tightly homeostatically maintained. The volume of extracellular fluid in a young adult male of 70 kg (154 lbs) is 20% of body weight – about fourteen liters.

  8. Microcirculation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcirculation

    The endothelium provides a smooth surface for the flow of blood and regulates the movement of water and dissolved materials in the interstitial plasma between the blood and the tissues. The microcirculation contrasts with macrocirculation , which is the circulation of blood to and from the organs.

  9. Mammalian kidney - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian_kidney

    The key role in maintaining a constant level of osmolarity is managed by the control of the ratio of sodium and water in the blood. [135] [136] Drinking large amounts of water can dilute the blood plasma. To remove excess water but keep salt in the blood, the kidneys produce more dilute urine than the plasma.