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The Hox genes, being a subset of homeobox genes, arose more recently in evolution within the animal kingdom or Metazoa. Within the animal kingdom, Hox genes are present across the bilateria [10] (animals with a clear head-to-tail axis), and have also been found in Cnidaria such as sea anemones. [11]
Hox genes are the most commonly known subset of homeobox genes. They are essential metazoan genes that determine the identity of embryonic regions along the anterior-posterior axis. [ 27 ] The first vertebrate Hox gene was isolated in Xenopus by Edward De Robertis and colleagues in 1984. [ 28 ]
Hox genes are found in bilateral animals, including Drosophila (in which they were first discovered) and humans. Hox genes are a subset of the homeobox genes. The Hox genes are often conserved across species, so some of the Hox genes of Drosophila are homologous to those in humans. In general, Hox genes play a role of regulating expression of ...
Hox genes play a massive role in some amphibians and reptiles in their ability to regenerate lost limbs, especially HoxA and HoxD genes. [1]If the processes involved in forming new tissue can be reverse-engineered into humans, it may be possible to heal injuries of the spinal cord or brain, repair damaged organs and reduce scarring and fibrosis after surgery.
Hox genes determine where repeating parts, such as the many vertebrae of snakes, will grow in a developing embryo or larva. [9] Pax-6, already mentioned, is a classic toolkit gene. [48] Although other toolkit genes are involved in establishing the plant bodyplan, [49] homeobox genes are also found in plants, implying they are common to all ...
Among the most important of the toolkit genes are those of the Hox gene cluster, or complex. Hox genes, transcription factors containing the more broadly distributed homeobox protein-binding DNA motif, function in patterning the body axis. Thus, by combinatorially specifying the identity of particular body regions, Hox genes determine where ...
The homeotic selector genes were discovered through the genetic analysis of Drosophila over 80 years ago [citation needed].Unusual disturbances were found in the organization of the adult fly, resulting in misplaced limbs, such as legs developing where antennae usually develop or an extra pair of wings developing where halteres should be.
The homeobox gene clusters studied by Ed Lewis were named the Hox genes, although many more homeobox genes are encoded by animal genomes than those in the Hox gene clusters. The homeotic-function of certain proteins was first postulated to be that of a "selector" as proposed by Antonio Garcia-Bellido. [11]