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Irish is an inflected language, having four cases: ainmneach (nominative and accusative), gairmeach , ginideach and tabharthach (prepositional). The prepositional case is called the dative by convention. Irish nouns are masculine or feminine.
In some Munster Irish varieties as well as the old literary language, the dative singular is distinct and ends in a slender consonant (in effect the dative sg. is formed by palatalizing the genitive sg.), for example, do phearsain "to a person", ón gcathraigh "from the city".
^† This case is called lokál in Czech and Slovak, miejscownik in Polish, місцевий (miscevý) in Ukrainian and месны (miesny) in Belarusian; these names imply that this case also covers locative case. ^‡ The prepositional case in Scottish Gaelic is classically referred to as a dative case. Vocative case
The Irish language also uses a genitive case (tuiseal ginideach). For example, in the phrase bean an tí (woman of the house), tí is the genitive case of teach, meaning "house". Another example is barr an chnoic, "top of the hill", where cnoc means "hill", but is changed to chnoic, which also incorporates lenition.
In later Old Irish, initial f s come to be written ḟ ṡ when lenited, with a dot (a so-called punctum delens) above the letter. Lenition occurs after: Certain case forms within a noun phrase, either of the noun or a preceding article or possessive. These include, at least: Nominative and vocative singular of all feminines
Labhraíonn speak. PRES Mícheál Mícheál Gaeilge Irish le with Cáit Cáit go PTC minic. often Labhraíonn Mícheál Gaeilge le Cáit go minic. speak.PRES Mícheál Irish with Cáit PTC often Mícheál often speaks Irish with Cáit. Questions and answers Irish has no words for "yes" and "no". The answer to a question contains a repetition (the same as in Latin) of the verb, either with or ...
In Irish nouns, the nominative and accusative have fallen together, while the dative case has remained separate in some paradigms; Irish also has a genitive and vocative case. In Punjabi, the accusative, genitive, and dative have merged to an oblique case, but the language still retains vocative, locative, and ablative cases.
This is, however, only a general tendency. Many forms of Central German, such as Colognian and Luxembourgish, have a dative case but lack a genitive. In Irish nouns, the nominative and accusative have fallen together, whereas the dative–locative has remained separate in some paradigms; Irish also has genitive and vocative cases. In many ...