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Frost damage can occur as cracks, stone splinters and swelling of the material. When water freezes, the volume of water increases by 9 %. [citation needed] When the volumetric moisture content exceeds 91 %, then the volume increase of water in the pores of the material caused by freezing cannot be absorbed by sufficient empty pores. This causes ...
Here's why your house is popping and what you can do to prevent frozen pipes. Extreme cold: Why is my house cracking and popping in freezing weather? Skip to main content
Editor's note: This story was originally published in 2019. We are republishing it as part of our winter coverage. Bitter-cold temperatures can make your home do strange things in the winter months.
When the plaster is dry, the pH falls to about 8.6. Non-hydraulic lime plaster requires moisture to set and has to be prevented from drying for several days. The number of qualified tradesmen capable of plastering with lime has declined due to industrialization, deskilling of trade crafts, and widespread adoption of drywall and gypsum veneer ...
Where plaster has become severely damaged by ground salts there is little argument about the need to replaster. However, there is considerable debate about: The extent of replastering required; The use of hard sand:cement renders to replaster as part of a rising damp treatment; Plaster removed from a wall as part of a rising damp treatment.
Over the years water had penetrated the harling and threatened the overall integrity of the building. The National Trust for Scotland, the building's owner, has (2019) enclosed Hill House in a transparent 'box' which will allow some rain to enter but which will eventually allow it to dry naturally. It is estimated that this will take seven to ...
The lime makes the render more workable and reduces cracking when the render dries. Any general purpose cement can be used. Various additives can be added to the mix to increase adhesion. Coarser sand is used in the base layer and slightly finer sand in the top layer. The application process resembles the process of applying paint.
With judicious heating, gypsum converts to the partially dehydrated mineral called bassanite or plaster of Paris. This material has the formula CaSO 4 ·( n H 2 O), where 0.5 ≤ n ≤ 0.8. [ 8 ] Temperatures between 100 and 150 °C (212–302 °F) are required to drive off the water within its structure.