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Rubella virus, scientific name Rubivirus rubellae, is a member of the genus Rubivirus and belongs to the family of Matonaviridae, whose members commonly have a genome of single-stranded RNA of positive polarity which is enclosed by an icosahedral capsid.
The 1962–1965 rubella epidemic was an outbreak of rubella across Europe and the United States. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The Rubella virus, also known as the German measles, is a single-stranded RNA virus from the family Togaviridae and genus Rubivirus . [ 3 ]
Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, [6] is an infection caused by the rubella virus. [3] This disease is often mild, with half of people not realizing that they are infected. [ 1 ] [ 7 ] A rash may start around two weeks after exposure and last for three days. [ 1 ]
Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) occurs when a human fetus is infected with the rubella virus (German measles) via maternal-fetal transmission and develops birth defects. [1] The most common congenital defects affect the ophthalmologic, cardiac, auditory, and neurologic systems.
For example, serology positive for rubella specific antibodies, viral culture with isolated rubella, or isolation of rubella virus RNA through polymerase chain reaction can all confirm that congenital rubella infection is the underlying cause of the blueberry muffin rash. [8]
Progressive rubella panencephalitis (PRP) is a neurological disorder which may occur in a child with congenital rubella. [1] It is a slow viral infection of the brain characterized by chronic encephalitis, usually manifesting between 8–19 years of age. It is believed to be due to a persistence or reactivation of rubella virus infection.
TORCH syndrome is a cluster of symptoms caused by congenital infection with toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and other organisms including syphilis, parvovirus, and Varicella zoster. [1] Zika virus is considered the most recent member of TORCH infections. [2]
The Rubella virus 3′ cis-acting element RNA family represents a cis-acting element found at the 3′ UTR in the rubella virus. This family contains three conserved step loop structures. [ 1 ] Calreticulin (CAL), which is known to bind calcium in most eukaryotic cells, is able to specifically bind to the first stem loop of this RNA. [ 1 ]