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  2. London Clay - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Clay

    The London Clay Formation is a marine geological formation of Ypresian (early Eocene Epoch, c. 54-50 million years ago) [1] age which crops out in the southeast of England. The London Clay is well known for its fossil content. The fossils from the lower Eocene rocks indicate a moderately warm climate, the tropical or subtropical flora.

  3. Shrink–swell capacity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrink–swell_capacity

    The shrink–swell capacity of soils refers to the extent certain clay minerals will expand when wet and retract when dry. Soil with a high shrink–swell capacity is problematic and is known as shrink–swell soil, or expansive soil . [ 1 ]

  4. Lambeth Group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Group

    The Lambeth Group is a stratigraphic group, a set of geological rock strata in the London and Hampshire basins of southern England.It comprises a complex of vertically and laterally varying gravels, sands, silts and clays deposited between 56-55 million years before present during the Ypresian age (lower Eocene).

  5. Geology of London - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_London

    In places, there are deposits of brickearth, which is a mixture of clay and sand that has supported London's long-standing brick-making industry. On top of these natural layers are the deposits of hundreds of years of human occupation. In the oldest parts the City of London and the City of Westminster this layer can be up to 6 metres deep. [5]

  6. Expansive clay - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansive_clay

    Soils with a high content of expansive minerals can form deep cracks in drier seasons or years; such soils are called vertisols. Soils with smectite clay minerals, including montmorillonite and bentonite, have the most dramatic shrink–swell capacity. The mineral make-up of this type of soil is responsible for the moisture retaining capabilities.

  7. Geology of Hertfordshire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Hertfordshire

    Soil map of Eastern Hertfordshire - by G. A Dean, 1864. The geology of Hertfordshire describes the rocks of the English county of Hertfordshire which are a northern part of the great shallow syncline known as the London Basin. The beds dip in a south-easterly direction towards the syncline's lowest point roughly under the River Thames.

  8. Bagshot Formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagshot_Formation

    In the London basin, wherever the junction of the Bagshot beds with the London clay is exposed, it is clear that no sharp line can be drawn between these formations. The Lower Bagshot Beds may be observed at Brentwood, Billericay and High Beach in Essex; outliers, capping hills of London clay, occur at Hampstead, Highgate and Harrow.

  9. Geology of England - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_england

    Overlain on this bedrock or "solid" geology is a somewhat variable distribution of soils and fragmental material deposited by glaciers (boulder clay, and other forms of glacial drift in the geologically recent past. "Drift" geology is often more important than "solid" geology when considering building works, drainage, siting water boreholes ...