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Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3 or SOCS-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOCS3 gene. [5] [6] This gene encodes a member of the STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI), also known as suppressor of cytokine signaling , family. SSI family members are cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling.
A cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein is a plant protein that is involved in a two step cytokinin signaling and response regulation pathway. The current model of cytokinin signaling and response regulation shows that it works as a multi-step phosphorelay two-component signaling system . [ 1 ]
All SOCS have certain structures in common. This includes a varying N-terminal domain involved in protein-protein interactions, a central SH2 domain, which can bind to molecules that have been phosphorylated by tyrosine kinases, and a SOCS box located at the C-terminal that enables recruitment of E3 ligases and ubiquitin signaling molecules.
Cytokine receptors are receptors that bind to cytokines. [ 1 ] In recent years, the cytokine receptors have come to demand the attention of more investigators than cytokines themselves, partly because of their remarkable characteristics, and partly because a deficiency of cytokine receptors has now been directly linked to certain debilitating ...
SH2 domains contain about 100 amino acid residues and exhibit a central antiparallel β-sheet centered between two α-helices. [6] Binding to phosphotyrosine-containing peptides involves a strictly-conserved Arg residue that pairs with the negatively-charged phosphate on the phosphotyrosine, [7] and a surrounding pocket that recognizes flanking sequences on the target peptide.
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes, but not present in the host. [1] They are recognized by toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in both plants and animals. [ 2 ]
Also, one study indicates that JAK1 is needed to carry out signalling for receptors of the cytokines IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10. [22] The JAK-STAT pathway in cytokine receptor signalling can activate STATs, which can bind to DNA and allow the transcription of genes involved in immune cell division, survival, activation and recruitment.
Studies involving PTP1B, a widely known PTP involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and cytokine receptor signaling, has shown to dephosphorylate the epidermal growth factor receptor [28] and the insulin receptor. [29] Some PTPs, on the other hand, are cell surface receptors that play a positive role in cell signaling proliferation.