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Theorem — The number of strictly positive roots (counting multiplicity) of is equal to the number of sign changes in the coefficients of , minus a nonnegative even number. If b 0 > 0 {\displaystyle b_{0}>0} , then we can divide the polynomial by x b 0 {\displaystyle x^{b_{0}}} , which would not change its number of strictly positive roots.
Degree: The maximum exponents among the monomials.; Factor: An expression being multiplied.; Linear factor: A factor of degree one.; Coefficient: An expression multiplying one of the monomials of the polynomial.
The oldest method for computing the number of real roots, and the number of roots in an interval results from Sturm's theorem, but the methods based on Descartes' rule of signs and its extensions—Budan's and Vincent's theorems—are generally more efficient. For root finding, all proceed by reducing the size of the intervals in which roots ...
It follows from the present theorem and the fundamental theorem of algebra that if the degree of a real polynomial is odd, it must have at least one real root. [2] This can be proved as follows. Since non-real complex roots come in conjugate pairs, there are an even number of them;
Vieta's formulas can be proved by considering the equality + + + + = () (which is true since ,, …, are all the roots of this polynomial), expanding the products in the right-hand side, and equating the coefficients of each power of between the two members of the equation.
In the case of two nested square roots, the following theorem completely solves the problem of denesting. [2]If a and c are rational numbers and c is not the square of a rational number, there are two rational numbers x and y such that + = if and only if is the square of a rational number d.
Given any polynomial p, a root of p is a number y such that p(y) = 0. For example, the n th roots of x are the roots of the polynomial (in y) . Abel–Ruffini theorem states that, in general, the roots of a polynomial of degree five or higher cannot be expressed in terms of n th roots.
Pentagonal number theorem (number theory) Perelman's Geometrization theorem (3-manifolds) Perfect graph theorem (graph theory) Perlis theorem (graph theory) Perpendicular axis theorem ; Perron–Frobenius theorem (matrix theory) Peter–Weyl theorem (representation theory) Phragmén–Lindelöf theorem (complex analysis) Picard theorem (complex ...
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