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There are two main descriptions of motion: dynamics and kinematics.Dynamics is general, since the momenta, forces and energy of the particles are taken into account. In this instance, sometimes the term dynamics refers to the differential equations that the system satisfies (e.g., Newton's second law or Euler–Lagrange equations), and sometimes to the solutions to those equations.
Calculation of the speed difference for a uniform acceleration. Uniform or constant acceleration is a type of motion in which the velocity of an object changes by an equal amount in every equal time period. A frequently cited example of uniform acceleration is that of an object in free fall in a uniform gravitational field
The linear motion can be of two types: uniform linear motion, with constant velocity (zero acceleration); and non-uniform linear motion, with variable velocity (non-zero acceleration). The motion of a particle (a point-like object) along a line can be described by its position x {\displaystyle x} , which varies with t {\displaystyle t} (time).
Velocity and acceleration in non-uniform circular motion. In non-uniform circular motion, an object moves in a circular path with varying speed. Since the speed is changing, there is tangential acceleration in addition to normal acceleration. The net acceleration is directed towards the interior of the circle (but does not pass through its center).
In physics, motion is when an object changes its position with respect to a reference point in a given time. Motion is mathematically described in terms of displacement , distance , velocity , acceleration , speed , and frame of reference to an observer, measuring the change in position of the body relative to that frame with a change in time.
In classical physics and special relativity, an inertial frame of reference (also called an inertial space or a Galilean reference frame) is a frame of reference in which objects exhibit inertia: they remain at rest or in uniform motion relative to the frame until acted upon by external forces. In such a frame, the laws of nature can be ...
By Newton's second law, the cause of acceleration is a net force acting on the object, which is proportional to its mass m and its acceleration. The force, usually referred to as a centripetal force , has a magnitude [ 7 ] F c = m a c = m v 2 r {\displaystyle F_{c}=ma_{c}=m{\frac {v^{2}}{r}}} and is, like centripetal acceleration, directed ...
In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity , it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum ( 4-momentum in relativity ...