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Unchecked, the stomach acid can lower the pH to levels that will damage the gastric mucosa, leading to ulcers. The stomach is divided into two main sections: a squamous region at the upper 1/3 of the stomach near the cardiac sphincter, and a lower glandular region. These two regions are separated by a band of tissue called the margo plicatus.
Gastroscopy, or endoscopic evaluation of the stomach, is useful in chronic cases of colic suspected to be caused by gastric ulcers, gastric impactions, and gastric masses. [42] A 3-meter scope is required to visualize the stomach of most horses, and the horse must be fasted prior to scoping.
A peptic ulcer is a defect in the inner lining of the stomach or duodenum typically due to excessive stomach acid. Extension of the ulcer through the lining of the digestive tract results in spillage of the stomach or intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity, leading to an acute chemical peritonitis.
Cameron lesions. A long linear erosion and smaller non-linear erosions on the crests of inflamed gastric folds at the level of the diaphragm. The diaphragm separates the chest from the abdomen. The esophagus (swallowing tube) passes through the hiatal opening in the diaphragm to reach the stomach. With a hiatal hernia, part of the stomach is ...
Gastric ulcer with a red spot seen in gastroscopy of a patient with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage Successful closure of the gastric ulcer with an endoclip. The endoclip was first described by Hayashi and Kudoh in 1975, [1] and was termed the "staunch clip".
However, upper central abdominal pain is the most common symptom; the pain may be dull, vague, burning, aching, gnawing, sore, or sharp. [13] Pain is usually located in the upper central portion of the abdomen, [14] but it may occur anywhere from the upper left portion of the abdomen around to the back.
Mouth pain caused by biting results from tissue compression, laceration or stretching, inflammation and impaired blood circulation. [17] The repeated rubbing or impact of the bit can cause bruises, cuts, tears and ulcers in the horse's mouth. [18] Swelling and bleeding bars can cause a horse to try to slide its tongue over the bit. [8]
Points of a horse. Equine anatomy encompasses the gross and microscopic anatomy of horses, ponies and other equids, including donkeys, mules and zebras.While all anatomical features of equids are described in the same terms as for other animals by the International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature in the book Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, there are many horse-specific ...