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Example Bjerrum plot: Change in carbonate system of seawater from ocean acidification.. A Bjerrum plot (named after Niels Bjerrum), sometimes also known as a Sillén diagram (after Lars Gunnar Sillén), or a Hägg diagram (after Gunnar Hägg) [1] is a graph of the concentrations of the different species of a polyprotic acid in a solution, as a function of pH, [2] when the solution is at ...
A strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid, at concentration 1 mol dm −3 has a pH of 0, while a strong alkali like sodium hydroxide, at the same concentration, has a pH of 14. Since pH is a logarithmic scale, a difference of one in pH is equivalent to a tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration.
The ocean contains a natural buffer system to maintain a pH between 8.1 and 8.3. [11] The oceans buffer system is known as the carbonate buffer system. [ 12 ] The carbonate buffer system is a series of reactions that uses carbonate as a buffer to convert C O 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}} } into bicarbonate . [ 12 ]
In addition, since log D is pH-dependent, the pH at which the log D was measured must be specified. In areas such as drug discovery—areas involving partition phenomena in biological systems such as the human body—the log D at the physiologic pH = 7.4 is of particular interest. [citation needed]
An acidity function is a measure of the acidity of a medium or solvent system, [1] [2] usually expressed in terms of its ability to donate protons to (or accept protons from) a solute (Brønsted acidity). The pH scale is by far the most commonly used acidity function, and is ideal for dilute aqueous solutions.
A typical water quality model consists of a collection of formulations representing physical mechanisms that determine position and momentum of pollutants in a water body. [4] Models are available for individual components of the hydrological system such as surface runoff ; [ 5 ] there also exist basin wide models addressing hydrologic ...
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Besides the well-known Pitzer-like equations, there is a simple and easy-to-use semi-empirical model, which is called the three-characteristic-parameter correlation (TCPC) model. It was first proposed by Lin et al. [22] It is a combination of the Pitzer long-range interaction and short-range solvation effect: ln γ = ln γ PDH + ln γ SV