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A vaccine passport or proof of vaccination is an immunity passport employed as a credential [1] in countries and jurisdictions as part of efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic via vaccination. A vaccine passport is typically issued by a government or health authority, and usually consists of a digital or printed record.
A COVID-19 vaccine card is a record often given to those who have received a COVID-19 vaccine showing information such as the date(s) one has received the shot(s) and the brand of vaccine one has received, sometimes including the lot number. The card also contains information identifying the recipient and the location where the shot was given.
The vaccine is given as an intradermal injection using a spring-powered jet injector. [2] [3] This is because successful transfection of DNA vaccines requires traveling across both the cell plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane, [4] and using a conventional needle gives poor results and leads to low immunogenicity. [4] [5]
The vaccine can be stored at standard refrigeration temperatures (2 °C-8 °C) and is a two-dose régime with the doses administered twenty-one days apart. [6] The vaccine was first manufactured by Kazakhstan's Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems. Production capacity has been capped at 50,000 doses per month. [citation needed]
The COVID-19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the severity and death caused by COVID-19. [128] [129] As of March 2023, more than 5.5 billion people had received one or more doses [130] (11.8 billion in total) in over 197 countries. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was the most widely used. [131]
Accuracy is measured in terms of specificity and selectivity. Test errors can be false positives (the test is positive, but the virus is not present) or false negatives, (the test is negative, but the virus is present). [179] In a study of over 900,000 rapid antigen tests, false positives were found to occur at a rate of 0.05% or 1 in 2000. [180]
To ensure data integrity, the QR code is constructed from a JSON Web Signature (JWS). [207] On 28 September 2021, the Citizen Lab published an analysis of COVID-19 data collection practices in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. [142] As of 27 April 2023 the NHS COVID-19 App was discontinued. [208]
In April 2021, the Indian Council of Medical Research reported that the vaccine has shown promising results in neutralising lineage B.1.617. [54] [55] In May 2021, a joint investigation by the scientists of the National Institute of Virology, found the vaccine effective in neutralising the Zeta variant or lineage P.2 (previously known as B.1.1. ...