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In fluid thermodynamics, Rayleigh–Bénard convection is a type of natural convection, occurring in a planar horizontal layer of fluid heated from below, in which the fluid develops a regular pattern of convection cells known as Bénard cells.
In geophysics, the Rayleigh number is of fundamental importance: it indicates the presence and strength of convection within a fluid body such as the Earth's mantle. The mantle is a solid that behaves as a fluid over geological time scales. The Rayleigh number for the Earth's mantle due to internal heating alone, Ra H, is given by:
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Natural convection, Rayleigh–Bénard convection: Lord Rayleigh and Henri Bénard: Rayleigh–Taylor instability: Instability created by density stratification: Lord Rayleigh and Geoffrey Ingram Taylor: Richtmyer–Meshkov instability: Plasma physics, Astrophysics: R. D. Richtmyer and E. E. Meshkov: Roberts–Stewartson instability
Convection is often categorised or described by the main effect causing the convective flow; for example, thermal convection. Convection cannot take place in most solids because neither bulk current flows nor significant diffusion of matter can take place. Granular convection is a similar phenomenon in granular material instead of fluids.
The choice R(u) = u(1 − u) yields Fisher's equation that was originally used to describe the spreading of biological populations, [3] the Newell–Whitehead-Segel equation with R(u) = u(1 − u 2) to describe Rayleigh–Bénard convection, [4] [5] the more general Zeldovich–Frank-Kamenetskii equation with R(u) = u(1 − u)e-β(1-u) and 0 ...
Robert P. Behringer (October 26, 1948 – July 10, 2018) was an American physicist [1] based at Duke University, [2] whose research first dealt with critical phenomena and transport properties in fluid helium, such as Rayleigh–Bénard convection, and since 1986 was involved with granular material, where his most notable achievements were in the development of the technique of photoelasticity ...
Henri Claude Bénard (25 October 1874 – 29 March 1939) was a French physicist, best known for his research on convection in liquids that now carries his name, Bénard convection. In addition, the historical surveys of both Tokaty [ 2 ] and von Kármán [ 3 ] both acknowledge that Bénard studied the vortex shedding phenomenon later named the ...