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The EC 50 represents the point of inflection of the Hill equation, beyond which increases of [A] have less impact on E. In dose response curves, the logarithm of [A] is often taken, turning the Hill equation into a sigmoidal logistic function. In this case, the EC 50 represents the rising section of the sigmoid curve.
The parameters of the dose response curve reflect measures of potency (such as EC50, IC50, ED50, etc.) and measures of efficacy (such as tissue, cell or population response). A commonly used dose–response curve is the EC 50 curve, the half maximal effective concentration, where the EC 50 point is defined as the inflection point of the curve.
EC50 is incorporated in the Hill's Equation, a function that demonstrates the relationship between agonist concentration and ligand binding. EC50 is mathematically given as the inflection point of the equation.
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Conversely, the Hill equation proper reflects the cellular or tissue response to the ligand: the physiological output of the system, such as muscle contraction. The Hill equation was originally formulated by Archibald Hill in 1910 to describe the sigmoidal O 2 binding curve of hemoglobin. [4]
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Intrinsic activity (IA) and efficacy (E max) refer to the relative ability of a drug-receptor complex to produce a maximum functional response. This must be distinguished from the affinity, which is a measure of the ability of the drug to bind to its molecular target, and the EC 50, which is a measure of the potency of the drug and which is proportional to both efficacy and affinity.