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In heterogeneous electron transfer, an electron moves between a chemical species present in solution and the surface of a solid such as a semi-conducting material or an electrode. Theories addressing heterogeneous electron transfer have applications in electrochemistry and the design of solar cells.
In theoretical chemistry, Marcus theory is a theory originally developed by Rudolph A. Marcus, starting in 1956, to explain the rates of electron transfer reactions – the rate at which an electron can move or jump from one chemical species (called the electron donor) to another (called the electron acceptor). [1]
Electron tunneling associated with ferritin is a quantum biological process, and ferritin is a quantum biological agent. Electron tunneling through ferritin between electrodes is independent of temperature, which indicates that it is substantially coherent and activation-less. [28] The electron tunneling distance is a function of the size of ...
The RTE is a differential equation describing radiance (, ^,).It can be derived via conservation of energy.Briefly, the RTE states that a beam of light loses energy through divergence and extinction (including both absorption and scattering away from the beam) and gains energy from light sources in the medium and scattering directed towards the beam.
In biophysics, transduction is the conveyance of energy from one electron (a donor) to another (a receptor), at the same time that the class of energy changes. Photonic energy, the kinetic energy of a photon, may follow the following paths: be released again as a photon of less energy; be transferred to a recipient with no change in class;
NADH is an example of a natural electron donor. [4] Ascorbic acid is another example. It is a water-soluble antioxidant. [5] In biology, electron donors release an electron during cellular respiration, resulting in the release of energy. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, obtain energy in electron transfer processes. Through its cellular ...
Outer sphere electron transfer can occur between chemical species that are identical except for their oxidation state. [4] This process is termed self-exchange. An example is the degenerate reaction between the tetrahedral ions permanganate and manganate:
Electron-transfer theories describe the influence of a variety of parameters on the rate of electron-transfer. All electrochemical reactions occur by this mechanism. Adiabatic electron-transfer theory stresses that intricately coupled to such charge transfer is the ability of any D-A system to absorb or emit light.