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The original information may or may not appear literally in the encoded output; codes that include the unmodified input in the output are systematic, while those that do not are non-systematic. A simplistic example of ECC is to transmit each data bit 3 times, which is known as a (3,1) repetition code. Through a noisy channel, a receiver might ...
The delay line and interleaver force input bits d k to appear in different sequences. At first iteration, the input sequence d k appears at both outputs of the encoder, x k and y 1k or y 2k due to the encoder's systematic nature. If the encoders C 1 and C 2 are used in n 1 and n 2 iterations, their rates are respectively equal to
HRESULT. HRESULT is a computer programming data type that represents the completion status of a function . It is used in the source code of applications targeting Microsoft Windows and earlier IBM/Microsoft OS/2 operating systems, but its design does not limit its use to these environments; it can be used in any system supporting 32-bit integers .
HDLC framing is a well-known example, used particularly in PPP (see RFC 1662 § 4.2). Although HDLC framing has an overhead of <1% in the average case, it suffers from a very poor worst-case overhead of 100%; for inputs that consist entirely of bytes that require escaping, HDLC byte stuffing will double the size of the input.
For example, in statistical parsing a dynamic programming algorithm can be used to discover the single most likely context-free derivation (parse) of a string, which is commonly called the "Viterbi parse". [4] [5] [6] Another application is in target tracking, where the track is computed that assigns a maximum likelihood to a sequence of ...
The C++ programming language has support for string handling, mostly implemented in its standard library. The language standard specifies several string types, some inherited from C, some designed to make use of the language's features, such as classes and RAII. The most-used of these is std::string .
Differential coding. In digital communications, differential coding is a technique used to provide unambiguous signal reception when using some types of modulation. It makes transmissible data dependent on both the current and previous signal (or symbol) states. The common types of modulation that may be used with differential coding include ...
Zone 5 uses eight 2-digit codes (51–58) and two sets of 3-digit codes (50x, 59x) to serve South and Central America. Zone 6 uses seven 2-digit codes (60–66) and three sets of 3-digit codes (67x–69x) to serve Southeast Asia and Oceania. Zone 7 uses an integrated numbering plan; two digits (7x) determine the area served: Russia or Kazakhstan.