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The dog sense of smell is the most powerful sense of this species, the olfactory system of canines being much more complex and developed than that of humans. [ 1] It is believed to be up to 10 million times as sensitive as a human's in specialized breeds. Dogs have roughly forty times more smell-sensitive receptors than humans, ranging from ...
Lateral Pontine Syndrome, also known as Marie-Foix syndrome or Marie-Foix-Alajouanine syndrome. [ 1] It refers to one of the brainstem stroke syndromes of the lateral aspect of the pons. A lateral pontine syndrome is a lesion which is similar to the lateral medullary syndrome, but because it occurs in the pons, it also involves the cranial ...
The vestibulocochlear nerve or auditory vestibular nerve, also known as the eighth cranial nerve, cranial nerve VIII, or simply CN VIII, is a cranial nerve that transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain. Through olivocochlear fibers, it also transmits motor and modulatory information from the superior ...
Nystagmus as seen in a case of ocular albinism. The cause of pathological nystagmus may be congenital, idiopathic, or secondary to a pre-existing neurological disorder.It also may be induced temporarily by disorientation (such as on roller coaster rides or when a person has been spinning in circles) or by some drugs (alcohol, lidocaine, and other central nervous system depressants, inhalant ...
Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus. The optokinetic reflex ( OKR ), also referred to as the optokinetic response, or optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), is a compensatory reflex that supports visual image stabilization. [ 1] The purpose of OKR is to prevent image blur on the retina that would otherwise occur when an animal moves its head or navigates ...
Exterior of labyrinth of the inner ear. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo ( BPPV) is a disorder arising from a problem in the inner ear. [ 3] Symptoms are repeated, brief periods of vertigo with movement, characterized by a spinning sensation upon changes in the position of the head. [ 1] This can occur with turning in bed or changing ...
Stack explains that whale eye is a dog’s way of showing concern, stress or anxiety using their eyes. “A dog’s face will be pointed away from the source of stress, but the eyes are still ...
Usher syndrome is characterized by hearing loss and a gradual visual impairment. The hearing loss is caused by a defective inner ear, whereas the vision loss results from retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a degeneration of the retinal cells. Usually, the rod cells of the retina are affected first, leading to early night blindness ( nyctalopia) and the ...