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The right arrow reads 'fire arrow', the middle is an 'arrow frame in the shape of a dragon' and the left is a 'complete fire arrow'. Fire arrows were one of the earliest forms of weaponized gunpowder, being used from the 9th century onward.
The flaming arrow attack was used to set fire to buildings at a distance. [62] An arrow with a flammable substance attached to the shaft, close to the tip, was shot from a bow or short-muzzled musket. Such arrows shot from a musket had their feathers removed, to fit inside the muzzle, and were called fire-darts.
Bows were used to launch these early fire arrows. [1] In 10th-century China, gunpowder was used to launch fire arrows, and this type of fire arrow was used against the Japanese by Mongolian naval vessels in the 13th century. [2]
Incendiary and flaming weapons were used in warfare for centuries before Greek fire was invented. They included sulfur-, petroleum-, and bitumen-based mixtures. [3] [4] Incendiary arrows and pots or small pouches containing combustible substances surrounded by caltrops or spikes, or launched by catapults, were used in the Greco-Roman world.
An 'igniter fire ball' and 'barbed fire ball' from the Wujing Zongyao. Prior to the introduction of gunpowder, fire arrows used mineral oil and sulphur as incendiaries. They were most commonly used by defenders to burn enemy siege engines such as ladders and rams. They were also used to create fires in defending cities. [26]
The ammunition, similar to fire arrows used by the ancient Chinese, consisted of a 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) long arrow with the addition of a gunpowder-filled paper tube attached to the shaft just below the head. Approximately 100 projectiles were loaded and launched in one volley, [11] and had a range of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft).
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The Flaming Arrow, a film by Joris Ivens, 1912 "Flaming Arrows", an episode in The Adventures of Tarzan movie serials, 1921 "The Flaming Arrow", an episode in the White Eagle movie serials, 1922