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The Tsardom of Russia, [a] also known as the Tsardom of Moscow, [b] was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721. From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. [11]
Before the liberation of the serfs in 1861, Russia's economy mainly depended on agriculture. [139] By the census of 1897, 95% of the Russian population lived in the countryside. [140] Nicholas I attempted to modernise his country, and have it not been so dependent on a single economic sector. [141] During the reign of Alexander III, many ...
In 1855, Alexander II began his reign as Tsar of Russia and presided over a period of political and social reform, notably the emancipation of serfs in 1861 and the lifting of censorship. His successor Alexander III (r. 1881–1894) pursued a policy of repression and restricted public expenditure, but continued land and labour reforms.
The Millennium of Russia monument in Veliky Novgorod (unveiled on 8 September 1862). The history of Russia begins with the histories of the East Slavs. [1] [2] The traditional start date of specifically Russian history is the establishment of the Rus' state in the north in the year 862, ruled by Varangians.
[1] [2] In the aftermath, GDP per capita was volatile and did not substantially increase. [1] [2] Steady economic growth began in the 1890s, alongside a structural transformation of the Russian economy. [1] By the time World War I started, more than half the Russian economy was still devoted to agriculture.
Britain feared that Russia planned to invade India and that this was the goal of Russia's expansion in Central Asia, while Russia continued its conquest of Central Asia. [37] Indeed, multiple 19th-century Russian invasion plans of India are attested, including the Duhamel and Khrulev plans of the Crimean War (1853–1856), among later plans ...
The formal end to Tatar rule over Russia was the defeat of the Tatars at the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480. Ivan III (r. 1462–1505) and Vasili III (r. 1505–1533) had consolidated the centralized Russian state following the annexations of the Novgorod Republic in 1478, Tver in 1485, the Pskov Republic in 1510, Volokolamsk in 1513, Ryazan in 1521, and Novgorod-Seversk in 1522.
Singing Revolution: Two million people joined hands to form the Baltic Way across Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to demonstrate for independence. 9 November: The East German government loosened restrictions on travel into the West, effecting the end of the Berlin Wall. 28 November