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The notion of doubling time dates to interest on loans in Babylonian mathematics. Clay tablets from circa 2000 BCE include the exercise "Given an interest rate of 1/60 per month (no compounding), come the doubling time." This yields an annual interest rate of 12/60 = 20%, and hence a doubling time of 100% growth/20% growth per year = 5 years.
In the 1960s A.K. Laird [13] for the first time successfully used the Gompertz curve to fit data of growth of tumors. In fact, tumors are cellular populations growing in a confined space where the availability of nutrients is limited. Denoting the tumor size as X(t) it is useful to write the Gompertz Curve as follows:
The doubling time is about 36–48 hours. The cell line was derived from a 36-year-old woman who was originally reported to have acute promyelocytic leukemia at the MD Anderson Cancer Center. [1] HL-60 cells predominantly show neutrophilic promyelocytic morphology. [1]
Small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) has long been divided into two clinicopathological stages, termed limited stage (LS) and extensive stage (ES). [8] The stage is generally determined by the presence or absence of metastases, whether or not the tumor appears limited to the thorax, and whether or not the entire tumor burden within the chest can feasibly be encompassed within a single radiotherapy ...
The plots have been made to overlap by dividing time (t) by the respective characteristic time constant. The stretched exponential function f β ( t ) = e − t β {\displaystyle f_{\beta }(t)=e^{-t^{\beta }}} is obtained by inserting a fractional power law into the exponential function .
The LNCaP (Lymph Node Carcinoma of the Prostate) cell line was established from a metastatic lesion of human prostatic adenocarcinoma.The LNCaP cells grow readily in vitro (up to 8 x 10 5 cells/sq cm; doubling time, 60 hr), form clones and are highly resistant to human fibroblast interferon. [1]
Early on it was found that X-rays, gamma rays, and beta radiation were essentially equivalent for all cell types. Therefore, the standard radiation type X is generally an X-ray beam with 250 keV photons or cobalt-60 gamma rays. As a result, the relative biological effectiveness of beta and photon radiation is essentially 1.
α V β 3 is a type of integrin that is a receptor for vitronectin. [1] It consists of two components, integrin alpha V and integrin beta 3 ( CD 61), and is expressed by platelets . Furthermore, it is a receptor for phagocytosis on macrophages or dendritic cells .