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The Analects, also known as the Sayings of Confucius, is an ancient Chinese philosophical text composed of sayings and ideas attributed to Confucius and his contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been compiled by his followers.
The Analects states that social disorder often stems from failure to call things by their proper names, that is, to perceive, understand, and deal with reality. Confucius' solution to this was the "rectification of names". He gave an explanation to one of his disciples: A superior man, in regard to what he does not know, shows a cautious reserve.
The Analects never expands on what this term means, but Zisi's text, The Doctrine of the Mean, explores its meaning in detail, as well as how to apply it to one's life.The application of Confucian metaphysics to politics and virtue ethics.
The Four Books (Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, Analects, Mencius) The Thirteen Classics ( I Ching , Book of Documents , Classic of Poetry , Rites of Zhou , Etiquette and Ceremonial , Book of Rites , The Commentary of Zuo , The Commentary of Gongyang , The Commentary of Guliang , The Analects , Classic of Filial Piety , Erya , Mencius )
These two types are opposed to one another in terms of developed potential. Confucius takes something of a blank slate perspective: "all human beings are alike at birth" (Analects 17.2), but eventually "the profound person understands what is moral. The petty person understands what is profitable" (4.16).
The same idea is also presented in V.12 and VI.30 of the Analects (c. 500 BCE), which can be found in the online Chinese Text Project. The phraseology differs from the Christian version of the Golden Rule. It does not presume to do anything unto others, but merely to avoid doing what would be harmful.
In Chapter 2 of the Analects, Confucius is quoted as saying: Lead the people with law and organize them with punishments, and they will avoid the punishments but will be without a sense of shame. Lead them with virtue and organize them with ritual, and in addition to developing a sense of shame, they will bring order to themselves. [8]
Brian Bruya (born 22 December 1966) is a professor of philosophy at Eastern Michigan University, [1] and an author of books and articles in the fields of comparative philosophy, cognitive science, and educational psychology.