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A strip of eight PCR tubes, each containing a 100 μL reaction mixture Placing a strip of eight PCR tubes into a thermal cycler. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample rapidly, allowing scientists to amplify a very small sample of DNA (or a part of it) sufficiently to enable detailed study.
The history of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has variously been described as a classic "Eureka!" moment, [ 1 ] or as an example of cooperative teamwork between disparate researchers. [ 2 ] Following is a list of events before, during, and after its development:
Polymerase chain reaction. The field of molecular paleontology benefited greatly from the invention of the polymerase chain reaction(PCR), which allows one to make billions of copies of a DNA fragment from just a single preserved copy of the DNA. One of the biggest challenges up until this point was the extreme scarcity of recovered DNA because ...
However, the amount of DNA or the number of genes can also increase within an organism through gene duplication, a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution. Common sources of gene duplications include ectopic recombination, retrotransposition event, aneuploidy, polyploidy, and replication slippage.
Developed in 1991, [10] DQ alpha testing was the first forensic DNA technique that utilized the polymerase chain reaction. [11] This technique allowed for the use of far fewer cells than RFLP analysis making it more useful for crime scenes that did not have the large amounts of DNA material that was previously required. [12]
The digital polymerase chain reaction simultaneously amplifies thousands of samples, each in a separate droplet within an emulsion or partition within an micro-well. Suicide PCR is typically used in paleogenetics or other studies where avoiding false positives and ensuring the specificity of the amplified fragment is the highest priority.
Polymerase cycling assembly (or PCA, also known as Assembly PCR) is a method for the assembly of large DNA oligonucleotides from shorter fragments. The process uses the same technology as PCR, but takes advantage of DNA hybridization and annealing as well as DNA polymerase to amplify a complete sequence of DNA in a precise order based on the single stranded oligonucleotides used in the process.
An amplicon sequence template that has been prepared for amplification. The target sequence to be amplified is colored green. In molecular biology, an amplicon is a piece of DNA or RNA that is the source and/or product of amplification or replication events.