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Low-level languages are simple, but considered difficult to use, due to numerous technical details that the programmer must remember. By comparison, a high-level programming language isolates execution semantics of a computer architecture from the specification of the program, which simplifies development. [1]
The system programming languages are for low-level tasks like memory management or task management. A system programming language usually refers to a programming language used for system programming; such languages are designed for writing system software, which usually requires different development approaches when compared with application ...
First released in 1985 as an extension of the C programming language, it has since expanded significantly over time; as of 1997, C++ has object-oriented, generic, and functional features, in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation for systems like microcomputers or to make operating systems like Linux or Windows.
Programming is expressed in terms of individual processor instructions, rather than higher level logic. [2] [3] Low-level memory and hardware details must be manually managed which is often bug-prone. [2] Programs are machine-dependent, so different versions must be written for every target machine architecture. [3]
Initially, all programming languages at a higher level than assembly were termed "third-generation", but later on, the term "fourth-generation" was introduced to try to differentiate the (then) new declarative languages (such as Prolog and domain-specific languages) which claimed to operate at an even higher level, and in a domain even closer ...
Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages, and hence require compilation or interpretation. In contrast, machine languages are considered low-level because they are designed for and executed by physical hardware without further translation required.
Array-oriented, function-level, tacit, concurrent No JADE: Application, distributed Yes Yes No No No No No Java: Application, business, client-side, general, mobile development, server-side, web Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Concurrent De facto standard via Java Language Specification JavaScript: Client-side, server-side, web Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
C++ provides low-level features which Java mostly lacks (one notable exception being the sun.misc.Unsafe API for direct memory access and manipulation). In C++, pointers can be used to manipulate specific memory locations, a task necessary for writing low-level operating system components.