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Clioquinol (iodochlorhydroxyquin) tradename Entero-Vioform is an antifungal drug and antiprotozoal drug. It is neurotoxic in large doses. It is a member of a family of drugs called hydroxyquinolines which inhibit certain enzymes related to DNA replication.
Serious side effects include problems with vision, muscle damage, seizures, and low blood cell levels. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] Chloroquine is a member of the drug class 4-aminoquinoline . [ 1 ] As an antimalarial, it works against the asexual form of the malaria parasite in the stage of its life cycle within the red blood cell . [ 1 ]
4,7-Dichloroquinoline was first reported in a patent filed by IG Farben in 1937. [2] However, its synthesis was not investigated in detail until chloroquine was developed as an antimalarial drug. [ 3 ] : 130–132 A route to the intermediate starting from 3-chloroaniline was developed by chemists at Winthrop Chemical Co .
Nalidixic acid was discovered by George Lesher and coworkers in a distillate during an attempt at chloroquine synthesis. [83] Nalidixic acid is thus considered to be the predecessor of all members of the quinolone family, including the second, third and fourth generations commonly known as fluoroquinolones.
Oxidation of quinoline affords quinolinic acid (pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid), a precursor to the herbicide sold under the name "Assert". [ 8 ] The reduction of quinoline with sodium borohydride in the presence of acetic acid is known to produce Kairoline A . [ 15 ] (
One of the most serious side effects is retinopathy (generally with chronic use). [ 3 ] [ 20 ] People taking 400 mg of hydroxychloroquine or less per day generally have a negligible risk of macular toxicity, whereas the risk begins to increase when a person takes the medication over five years or has a cumulative dose of more than 1000 grams.
2-Chloroquinoline is an organic compound with the formula ClC 9 H 6 N. It is one of several isomeric chloro derivatives of the bicyclic heterocycle called quinoline . A white solid, 2-chloroquinoline can be prepared from vinylaniline and phosgene. [ 1 ]
7-Chlorokynurenic acid (7-CKA) is a tool compound that acts as a potent and selective competitive antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor. [1] It produces ketamine -like rapid antidepressant effects in animal models of depression .