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The term sister group is used in phylogenetic analysis, however, only groups identified in the analysis are labeled as "sister groups".. An example is birds, whose commonly cited living sister group is the crocodiles, but that is true only when discussing extant organisms; [3] [4] when other, extinct groups are considered, the relationship between birds and crocodiles appears distant.
In a 2012 molecular study, von Reumont et al. challenge the monophyly of Vericrustacea: they present four versions of Pancrustacea cladogram (figures 1–4), and in all four figures Remipedia is a sister group to Hexapoda, and Branchiopoda is a sister group to (Remipedia + Hexapoda). Thus, their data strongly suggest that Branchiopoda is more ...
Thompson et al., 2011 confirmed its separation and recovered it as sister taxon to Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus. [9] A cladistic analysis conducted by Arbour and Currie , 2015 recovered Dyoplosaurus as sister taxon to a clade containing Ankylosaurus , Euoplocephalus , Anodontosaurus and Scolosaurus , while an analysis conducted by Arbour and ...
Moreover, the name "Paracrocodyliformes" used by Weinbaum & Hungerbühler (2007) was assigned a new name, Loricata. [3] Ticinosuchus, the sister taxon to paracrocodylomorphs under Nesbitt (2011)'s methodologies. The name "Paracrocodylomorpha" was re-defined by Nesbitt in his study, reacquiring a name similar to its original usage by Parrish (1993).
A name had to be found for a clade of various early-diversing Permian and Triassic reptiles no longer included in the anapsids. Olsen's term "parareptiles" was chosen to refer to this clade, although its instability within their analysis meant that Gauthier et al. (1988) were not confident enough to erect Parareptilia as a formal taxon.
[24] [25] The morphology-based phylogenetic analyses, which are based on new neuroanatomical data obtained from its skull using micro-CT scans, suggest this taxon is a crown-group crocodilian and a member of the 'thoracosaurs' that was recovered as a sister taxon of Thoracosaurus within Gavialoidea, [26] though it is uncertain whether ...
The name plesion has a long history in biological systematics, and plesion group has acquired several meanings over the years. One use is as "nearby group" (plesion means close to in Greek ), i.e. sister group to a given taxon , whether that group is a crown group or not. [ 22 ]
In the late 20th century, it was recognized that the order Thysanura was paraphyletic, thus the two suborders were each raised to the status of an independent monophyletic order, with Archaeognatha sister taxon to the Dicondylia, including the Zygentoma. [5] The order Archaeognatha is cosmopolitan; it includes roughly 500 species in two ...