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Ephedrine works by inducing the release of norepinephrine and hence indirectly activating the α-and β-adrenergic receptors. [11] Chemically, ephedrine is a substituted amphetamine and is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of β-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine. [14] Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and came into commercial use in 1926.
The Ephedra alkaloids, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine – constituents of E. sinica and other members of the genus – have sympathomimetic and decongestant qualities, [22] and have been used as dietary supplements, mainly for weight loss. [23] The drug ephedrine is used to prevent low blood pressure during spinal anesthesia. [22]
Bottle of ephedrine, an alkaloid found in ephedra. Ephedra is a medicinal preparation from the plant Ephedra sinica. [1] Several additional species belonging to the genus Ephedra have traditionally been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a possible candidate for the soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. [2]
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[6] [1] It is the 4-fluoro analogue of ephedrine. [6] [1] The synthesis of 4-fluoroephedrine has been described. [7] It can serve as a precursor in the synthesis of 4-fluoromethamphetamine (4-FMA). [3] The predicted log P of 4-fluoroephedrine is 1.0. [6] For comparison, the predicted log P of ephedrine is 0.9. [8]
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had previously issued warnings about the use of ephedrine-containing products due to their potential for serious side effects, including heart attack, stroke, and death. [30] In response, many pharmaceutical companies voluntarily removed their ephedrine-containing products from the market.
Etafedrine (INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name, BAN Tooltip British Approved Name), sold under the brand name Nethaprin among others and also known as N-ethylephedrine, is a sympathomimetic agent used as a bronchodilator to treat asthma.
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