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Thebaine (paramorphine), also known as codeine methyl enol ether, is an opiate alkaloid, its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, Thēbai (Thebes), an ancient city in Upper Egypt. A minor constituent of opium , thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine , but has stimulatory rather than depressant effects.
The structure of morphine is not particularly complex, however the electrostatic polarization of adjacent bonded atoms does not alternate uniformly throughout the structure. This "dissonant connectivity" makes bond formation more difficult and therefore significantly complicates any synthetic strategy that is applied to this family of molecules ...
Codeine Chemical structure of morphine. Opiates belong to the large biosynthetic group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, and are so named because they are naturally occurring alkaloids found in the opium poppy. The major psychoactive opiates are morphine, codeine, and thebaine.
This changed in 1927 when János Kabay developed a chemical process to extract morphine from the crushed capsule. [2] Concentrated poppy straw, consisting mainly of the crushed capsule without the seeds, [4] soon became a valuable source of morphine. Today, concentrate of poppy straw is a major source of many opiates and other alkaloids.
Morphinan is the prototype chemical structure of a large chemical class of psychoactive drugs, consisting of opiate analgesics, cough suppressants, and dissociative hallucinogens, among others. Typical examples include compounds such as morphine, codeine, and dextromethorphan (DXM).
Oripavine is an opioid and the major metabolite of thebaine.It is the precursor to the semi-synthetic compounds etorphine and buprenorphine.Although this chemical compound has analgesic potency comparable to morphine, it is not used clinically due to severe adverse effects and a low therapeutic index.
Chemical structure of morphine. The benzylisoquinoline backbone is shown in green. Morphine structure showing its standard ring lettering and carbon numbering system [citation needed] Same structure, but in a three-dimensional perspective. Morphine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid with two additional ring closures. [106]
General structure of a Bentley compound with an ethano-bridge (single bond) General structure of a Bentley compound with an etheno-bridge (double bond) The Bentley compounds are a class of semi-synthetic opioids that were first synthesized by K. W. Bentley by Diels-Alder reaction of thebaine with various dienophiles.