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Phosphorylation of Na + /K +-ATPase during the transport of sodium (Na +) and potassium (K +) ions across the cell membrane in osmoregulation to maintain homeostasis of the body's water content. Mediates enzyme inhibition. Phosphorylation of the enzyme GSK-3 by AKT (Protein kinase B) as part of the insulin signaling pathway. [31]
Phosphorylation of glucose is imperative in processes within the body. For example, phosphorylating glucose is necessary for insulin-dependent mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway activity within the heart. This further suggests a link between intermediary metabolism and cardiac growth. [13]
The Akt-PI3K pathway is essential for cell survival as activated Akt influences many factors involved in apoptosis, either by transcription regulation or direct phosphorylation. [ 5 ] In the nucleus, Akt inhibits transcription factors that promote the expression of cell death genes, and enhances transcription of anti-apoptotic genes.
The kinases include phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase, and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase. The phosphorylation state of phosphatidylinositol plays a major role in cellular signalling , such as in the insulin signalling pathway, and also has roles in endocytosis , exocytosis and other ...
Function [ edit ] The protein encoded by this gene phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation-initiation factor 2 ( EIF2 ), leading to its inactivation, and thus to a rapid reduction of translational initiation and repression of global protein synthesis.
The extracellular domains serve as the ligand-binding part of the molecule, often inducing the domains to form homo-or heterodimers. The transmembrane element is a single α helix. The intracellular or cytoplasmic Protein kinase domain is responsible for the (highly conserved) kinase activity, as well as several regulatory functions. [citation ...
MAP kinase not only plays an important function during growth of cell in the M phase phosphorylation cascade but also plays an important role during the sequence of signaling pathway. [2] In order to regulate its functions so it does not cause chaos, it can only be active when both tyrosine and threonine/serine residues are phosphorylated. [3]
Protein phosphorylation plays a crucial role in biological functions and controls nearly every cellular process, including metabolism, gene transcription and translation, cell-cycle progression, cytoskeletal rearrangement, protein-protein interactions, protein stability, cell movement, and apoptosis. These processes depend on the highly ...