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Involucrin is a highly reactive, soluble, transglutaminase substrate protein present in keratinocytes of epidermis and other stratified squamous epithelia. [7] [8] It first appears in the cell cytosol, but ultimately becomes cross-linked to membrane proteins by transglutaminase thus helping in the formation of an insoluble envelope beneath the plasma membrane functioning as a glutamyl donor ...
The primary function of keratinocytes is the formation of a barrier against environmental damage by heat, UV radiation, dehydration, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses.
Differentiated keratinocytes secrete keratin proteins, which contribute to the formation of an extracellular matrix that is an integral part of the skin barrier function. In normal skin, the rate of keratinocyte production equals the rate of loss, [ 4 ] taking about two weeks for a cell to journey from the stratum basale to the top of the ...
Red arrows indicate secreted lamellar bodies, and green arrows indicate lamellar bodies in the cytoplasm. Scale bar = 200 nm. In cell biology, lamellar bodies (otherwise known as lamellar granules, membrane-coating granules (MCGs), keratinosomes or Odland bodies) are secretory organelles found in type II alveolar cells in the lungs, and in keratinocytes in the skin.
Corneocytes are terminally differentiated keratinocytes and compose most of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis.They are regularly replaced through desquamation and renewal from lower epidermal layers and are essential for its function as a skin barrier.
This layer is composed of polyhedral keratinocytes. [3] [4] These are joined with desmosomes. [3] Their spiny (Latin, spinosum) appearance is due to shrinking of the microfilaments between desmosomes that occurs when stained with H&E. Keratinization begins in the stratum spinosum, [5] although the actual keratinocytes begin in the stratum ...
A deficiency is associated with ichthyosis lamellaris. [11] Epidermal transglutaminase is the autoantigen, in humans, of dermatitis herpetiformis.. A study on the mutation of keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGK) came to conclude that those affected with ichthyosis lamellaris, present a substantial deficit in keratinocyte transglutaminase activity. [8]
Sampling of human stratum corneum using a tape-stripping method [1]. The stratum corneum (Latin for 'horned layer') is the outermost layer of the epidermis.Consisting of dead tissue, it protects underlying tissue from infection, dehydration, chemicals and mechanical stress.