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State of nature. In ethics, political philosophy, social contract theory, religion, and international law, the term state of nature describes the hypothetical way of life that existed before humans organised themselves into societies or civilisations. [1] Philosophers of the state of nature theory propose that there was a historical period ...
Portrait of Thomas Hobbes. Thomas Hobbes’s moral and political philosophy is constructed around the basic premise of social and political order, explaining how humans should live in peace under a sovereign power so as to avoid conflict within the ‘ state of nature ’. [1] Hobbes’s moral philosophy and political philosophy are intertwined ...
Common characteristics of a failed state include a government incapable of tax collection, law enforcement, security assurance, territorial control, political or civil office staffing, and infrastructure maintenance. [2] When this happens, widespread corruption and criminality, the intervention of state and non-state actors, the appearance of ...
Hobbes is explicit that in the state of nature nothing can be considered just or unjust, and every man must be considered to have a right to all things. [15] The second law of nature is that one ought to be willing to renounce one's right to all things where others are willing to do the same, to quit the state of nature, and to erect a ...
A state is a political entity that regulates society and the population within a territory. [ 1 ] Government is considered to form the fundamental apparatus of contemporary states. [ 2 ][ 3 ] A country often has a single state, with various administrative divisions. A state may be a unitary state or some type of federal union; in the latter ...
Bellum omnium contra omnes. Bellum omnium contra omnes, a Latin phrase meaning " the war of all against all ", is the description that Thomas Hobbes gives to human existence in the state-of-nature thought experiment that he conducts in De Cive (1642) and Leviathan (1651). The common modern English usage is a war of " each against all " where ...
The Reason of State (Italian: Della Ragion di Stato) is a work of political philosophy by Italian Jesuit Giovanni Botero published in 1589. The book first popularised the term "reason of state", [1] [2] which refers to the right of rulers to act in ways that go against the dictates of both natural and positive law, with the overriding aim of acquiring, preserving, and augmenting the dominion ...
Reason is the capacity of consciously applying logic by drawing valid conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth. [1] It is associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, religion, science, language, mathematics, and art, and is normally considered to be a distinguishing ability possessed by humans.