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An example of positive feedback is when a microphone picks up the sound that it is producing through a speaker, which is then played through the speaker, and so on. In addition to feedback, cybernetics is concerned with other forms of circular processes including: feedforward , recursion , and reflexivity .
A cybernetician or a cyberneticist is a person who applies cybernetics. Heinz von Foerster once told Stuart Umpleby that Norbert Wiener preferred the term "cybernetician" rather than "cyberneticist", perhaps because Wiener was a mathematician rather than a physicist.
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Cybernetics, according to Wiener's definition, is the science of "control and communication in the animal and the machine". Heinz von Foerster went on to distinguish a first order cybernetics, "the study of observed systems", and a second order cybernetics, "the study of observing systems".
Cybernetics is relevant to the study of systems, such as mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and social. Subcategories. This category has the following 5 ...
Some see the definition of third and higher orders of cybernetics as a next step in the development of the discipline, but this has not won widespread acceptance. Attempts to define a third order of cybernetics have been concerned with embedding the participant observer of second-order cybernetics explicitly within broader social and/or ...
William Ross Ashby (6 September 1903 – 15 November 1972) was an English psychiatrist and a pioneer in cybernetics, the study of the science of communications and automatic control systems in both machines and living things.
An academic discipline or field of study is known as a branch of knowledge. It is taught as an accredited part of higher education . A scholar's discipline is commonly defined and recognized by a university faculty.