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  2. Abbasid Caliphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate

    They became even greater patrons of religion and the arts than the Tahirids, still maintaining orthodox Sunni ideology but differing in their promotion of the Persian language. [92] There was a brief Abbasid political and military revival at the end of the 9th century, especially under the policies of caliph al-Mu'tadid (r.

  3. List of Abbasid caliphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Abbasid_caliphs

    In the mid-12th century, the Abbasids regained their independence from the Seljuks, but the revival of Abbasid power ended with the Sack of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258. Most Abbasid caliphs were born to a concubine mother, known as umm al-walad (Arabic: أم الولد, lit. 'mother of the child').

  4. List of caliphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caliphs

    A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.

  5. Al-Mustazhir - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustazhir

    After Amid ad-Dawla's downfall, his brother al-Kafi served as vizier to the Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir from 1102/3 until 1106/7 and then again from 1108/9 until 1113/4. [3] During Al-Mustazhir's twenty-four year incumbency he was politically irrelevant, despite the civil strife at home and the appearance of the First Crusade in Syria.

  6. al-Nasir - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nasir

    Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn al-Hasan al-Mustaḍīʾ (Arabic: أبو العباس أحمد بن الحسن المستضيء), better known by his laqab al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh (الناصر لدين الله; 6 August 1158 – 5 October 1225) or simply as al-Nasir, was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1180 until his death.

  7. al-Mutawakkil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil

    Al-Mutawakkil was born on 31 March 822 to the Abbasid prince Abu Ishaq Muhammad (the future al-Mu'tasim) and a slave concubine from Khwarazm named Shuja. [2] His early life is obscure, as he played no role in political affairs until the death of his older half-brother, al-Wathiq, in August 847.

  8. Caliphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate

    A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...

  9. Al-Mustarshid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustarshid

    Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustarshid bi-llah, Assassinated in the year 1135. Not long after the siege of Damascus, al-Mustarshid launched a military campaign against Seljuk sultan Mas'ud, who had obtained the title in Baghdad in January 1133 by the caliph himself. The rival armies met near Hamadan. The caliph, deserted by his troops, was ...