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HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to the neonate in three circumstances: across the placenta during pregnancy (in utero), at birth due to fetal contact with infected maternal genital secretions and blood, or postnatally through the breast milk. [8] This type of viral transmission is also known of as vertical transmission.
In two systematic reviews [10] [11] concluded that covid-19 could potentially disrupt the neurodevelopment of the fetus as a consequence of the hyperinflammatory host response elicited by the viral infection through various possible mechanisms. However, it is still a controversial subject due to the complex nature of investigating an ...
Zika fever, caused by Zika virus, can cause microcephaly and other brain defects in the child. [11] COVID-19 in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of stillbirth with an odds ratio of approximately 2. [12] Hepatitis B may also be classified as a vertically transmitted infection. The hepatitis B virus is
Research published Thursday paints a startling picture of the destructive toll COVID-19 can take on pregnant women and their growing fetuses.
Children whose mothers had coronavirus infections during pregnancy were more likely to be diagnosed with neurodevelopmental problems, a study finds. Coronavirus infection during pregnancy linked ...
For instance, a study showed how COVID-19 may cause microvascular brain pathology and endothelial cell-death, disrupting the blood–brain barrier. [51] [52] Another study identified neuroinflammation and an activation of adaptive and innate immune cells in the brain stem of COVID-19 patients. [53]
HIV can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Untreated HIV carries a risk of between 10 and 20 per cent of being passed on to the fetus. [48] Bacterial or parasitic diseases may also be passed on to the fetus, and include chlamydia, syphilis, tuberculosis, malaria, and commonly toxoplasmosis. [49]
Methylmercury, a worldwide contaminant of seafood and freshwater fish, is known to produce adverse nervous system effects, especially during brain development. Eating fish is the main source of mercury exposure in humans and some fish may contain enough mercury to harm the developing nervous system of an embryo or fetus, sometimes leading to ...