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Judeo-Tat or Juhuri (Cuhuri, Жугьури, ז׳אוּהאוּראִ) is a Judeo-Persian dialect and the traditional language spoken by the Mountain Jews in the eastern Caucasus Mountains, especially Azerbaijan, parts of Russia and today in Israel. [1]
Mountain Jewish newspaper The Toiler (Judeo-Tat: Захметкеш) in Hebrew alphabet. The first records of Judeo-Tat writing date back to the late 1870s and early 1880s, when Rabbi Yaakov Yitzhaki compiled the first Tat book, “Thesaurus of Judeo-Tat (Juhuri) language of the Mountain Jews of the Caucasus.”
Since 1955 began to appear in the Judeo-Tat language almanac (Juhuri:Ватан советиму) - "The Soviet Homeland". In 1946, in Dagestan, the circle of readers of the Jewish-Tat literature is constantly narrowing due to the termination of school education in the Jewish-Tat language.
The language spoken by Mountain Jews, called Judeo-Tat, is an ancient Southwest Iranian language which integrates many elements of Ancient Hebrew. [ 11 ] It is believed that Mountain Jews in Persia, as early as the 8th century BCE, continued to migrate east; settling in mountainous areas of the Caucasus.
In 1989, after the revival of national schools, Gavrilov prepared an alphabet book in Judeo-Tat for the first grade, which was published in 1990, as well as the "Judeo-Tat – Russian, Russian – Judeo-Tat dictionary." In the late 1920s Gavrilov published his first poems in the newspaper (Juhuri:Захметкеш) – "The Toiler". [4]
He studied at a traditional Jewish school from 1915 to 1919, and at the same time attended a Russian school. [2] In 1920, he became a komsomol activist, and he participated in the work of an amateur drama club. From 1924 to 1925, he translated Uzeyir Hajibeyov's play "Arshin Mal Alan" from Azerbaijani into the Judeo-Tat language. [1] [3]
During the Perestroika period, when national schools began to revive, Gavrilov prepared and published textbooks in Judeo-Tat language for grades 1–4, curricula and copybooks. He taught courses for the training of teachers of the Judeo-Tat language. [1] From 1986 to 1990 Gavrilov was the director of the Judeo-Tat theatre.
The history of the Jews in Azerbaijan dates back many centuries. Today, Jews in Azerbaijan mainly consist of three distinct groups: Mountain Jews, the most sizable and most ancient group; Ashkenazi Jews, who settled in the area during the late 19th-early 20th centuries, and during World War II; and Georgian Jews who settled mainly in Baku during the early part of the 20th century.