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In 1965 the DAMRI BPU became a State Corporation (Indonesian: Perusahaan Negara, PN), and in 1982 it was reorganized as a public corporation. [2] [3] On 8 June 2023, Perum PPD, an Indonesian statutory corporation that moves in the transportation sector, specifically land transportation in Jakarta and areas surrounding the city, was merged into ...
According to The Global Public Relations Handbook, public relations evolved from a series of "press agents or publicists" to a manner of theory and practice in the 1980s. [22] Research was published in academic journals like Public Relations Review and the Journal of Public Relations Research. This led to an industry consensus to categorize PR ...
Negative public relations, also called dark public relations (DPR), 'black hat PR' and in some earlier writing "Black PR", is a process of destroying the target's reputation and/or corporate identity. The objective in DPR is to discredit someone else, who may pose a threat to the client's business or be a political rival.
A public relations officer (PRO) or chief communications officer (CCO) or corporate communications officer is a C-suite level officer responsible for communications, public relations, and/or public affairs in an organization. Typically, the CCO of a corporation reports to the chief executive officer (CEO). The CCO may hold an academic degree in ...
Public relations can be described as all of the following: Academic discipline – branch of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level. . Disciplines are defined (in part), and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners be
Public relations strategies and organization–public relationships. Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Communication Association, San Francisco. Huang, Y. (2001). OPRA: A cross-cultural, multiple-item scale for measuring organization–public relationships. Journal of Public Relations Research, 13(1), 61–90 ...
Pertamina fuel station in Bali. PT Pertamina (Persero) [a] is an Indonesian state-owned oil and natural gas corporation, headquartered in Jakarta. [2] It was created in August 1968 by the merger of Pertamin (established 1961) and Permina (established in 1957).
Online public relations, also known as E-PR or digital PR, is the use of the internet to communicate with both potential and current customers in the public realm.It functions as the web relationship influence among internet users and it aims to make desirable comments about an organization, its products and services, news viewed by its target audiences and lessen its undesirable comments to a ...