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In shop drawings pipe sizes should be marked with the text and size should be shown with double line. Each pipes with different purposes will be displayed with different colors for ease of understanding. Drainage pipes should be shown with slope. For water supply, pump capacity and number of pumps will be attached as drawing file.
A sewer pipe is normally at neutral air pressure compared to the surrounding atmosphere.When a column of waste water flows through a pipe, it compresses air ahead of it in the system, creating a positive pressure that must be released so it does not push back on the waste stream and downstream traps, slow drainage, and induce potential clogs.
Fittings allow multiple pipes to be connected to cover longer distances, increase or decrease the size of the pipe or tube, or extend a network by branching, and make possible more complex systems than could be achieved with only individual pipes. Valves are specialized fittings that permit regulating the flow of fluid within a plumbing system.
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures. [1] " Nominal" refers to pipe in non-specific terms and identifies the diameter of the hole with a non-dimensional number (for example – 2-inch nominal steel pipe" consists of many varieties of steel pipe with the only criterion being a 2.375-inch (60.3 mm) outside ...
In addition to lengths of pipe or tubing, pipe fittings such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. are used in plumbing systems. [40] Pipe and fittings are held in place with pipe hangers and strapping. Plumbing fixtures are exchangeable devices that use water and can be connected to a building's plumbing system. They are considered to be ...
Vertical pipes, usually made of precast concrete, called manholes, connect the mains to the surface. Depending upon site application and use, these vertical pipes can be cylindrical, eccentric, or concentric. The manholes are used for access to the sewer pipes for inspection and maintenance, and as a means to vent sewer gases.
A later innovation, the floatless fill valve, designed for low-profile, low-flow toilet tanks, uses a pressure-sensing diaphragm mechanism instead of a float to control the inlet valve. [4] Delay valves, which delay the filling until the level has dropped to a low level, avert short-cycling of the water supply.
Each of these plumbing fixtures has one or more water outlets and a drain. In some cases, the drain has a device that can be manipulated to block the drain to fill the basin of the fixture. Each fixture also has a flood rim, or level at which water will begin to overflow. Most fixtures also have an overflow, which is a conduit for water to ...