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  2. Corrosion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion

    Until 20–30 years ago, galvanized steel pipe was used extensively in the potable water systems for single and multi-family residents as well as commercial and public construction. Today, these systems have long ago consumed the protective zinc and are corroding internally, resulting in poor water quality and pipe failures. [ 18 ]

  3. Stress corrosion cracking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_corrosion_cracking

    This limits the usefulness of austenitic stainless steel for containing water with higher than a few parts per million content of chlorides at temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F); mild steel cracks in the presence of alkali (e.g. boiler cracking and caustic stress corrosion cracking) and nitrates;

  4. Rust - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust

    Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture.Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe 2 O 3 ·nH 2 O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH) 3), and is typically associated with the corrosion of refined iron.

  5. Galvanic corrosion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion

    Improper use of aluminium in contact with stainless steel had caused rapid corrosion in the presence of salt water. [13] The electrochemical potential difference between stainless steel and aluminium is in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 V, depending on the exact alloys involved, and can cause considerable corrosion within months under unfavorable ...

  6. Galvanic anode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_anode

    In brief, corrosion is a chemical reaction occurring by an electrochemical mechanism (a redox reaction). [1] During corrosion of iron or steel there are two reactions, oxidation (equation 1), where electrons leave the metal (and the metal dissolves, i.e. actual loss of metal results) and reduction, where the electrons are used to convert oxygen and water to hydroxide ions (equation 2): [2]

  7. Cathodic protection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection

    Newly issued USDOT regulation Title 49 CFR 192.112, in the section for Additional design requirements for steel pipe using alternative maximum allowable operating pressure requires that "The pipe must be protected against external corrosion by a non-shielding coating" (see coatings section on standard). Also, the NACE SP0169:2007 standard ...

  8. Microbial corrosion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_corrosion

    Mansouri, H., Alavi, S. A., & Fotovat, M. "Microbial Influenced Corrosion of Corten Steel Compared to Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel in Oily Waste Water by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa". JOM, 1–7. Madhusudan P Dabhole and K N Joishy. 2003. "Mild steel corrosion reduction in water by uptake of dissolved oxygen by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa".

  9. Descaling agent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descaling_agent

    Limescale build-up inside a pipe reduces both liquid flow and thermal conduction from the pipe, so will reduce thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger.. A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a liquid chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles.