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Tunnel Construction. Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management.
The 19th century saw innovations in shield tunneling techniques which made underground construction in soil safer. As nations urbanized, the extent of underground urban construction increased significantly, with improved sewers, public water systems, subways, and underground commercial spaces all being required by expanding cities.
Culvert with secure headwall in Bromsgrove, England Stone culvert in Haapsalu, Estonia Steel culvert with a plunge pool below A multiple culvert assembly in Italy Precast concrete box culvert Large box culvert on Rio Monterroso. A culvert is a structure that channels water past an obstacle or to a subterranean waterway.
In geotechnical engineering, a caisson (/ ˈ k eɪ s ən,-s ɒ n /; borrowed from French caisson ' box ', from Italian cassone ' large box ', an augmentative of cassa) is a watertight retaining structure. [1] It is used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam, [2] or for the repair of ...
Occasionally, station boxes are left uncovered, such as at Stratford International in London, UK – which is located in "Stratford Box", a 1.1-kilometre (0.68 mi) concrete-sided cutting. [ 8 ] The lowest level – where the platform for the arriving and departing trains is – is called the "platform level".
Deep level underground is construction that is 20 m (66 ft) or more below ground and not using the cut-and-cover method, especially train stations, air raid shelters and bunkers, and some tunnels and mines. Cut-and-cover is a simple method of construction for shallow tunnels where a trench is excavated and roofed over with an overhead support ...
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A utility tunnel, utility corridor, or utilidor is a passage built underground or above ground to carry utility lines such as electricity, steam, water supply pipes, and sewer pipes. Communications utilities like fiber optics, cable television, and telephone cables are also sometimes carried.
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