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  2. Water hammer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammer

    The following characteristics may reduce or eliminate water hammer: Reduce the pressure of the water supply to the building by fitting a regulator. Lower fluid velocities. To keep water hammer low, pipe-sizing charts for some applications recommend flow velocity at or below 1.5 m/s (4.9 ft/s). Fit slowly closing valves.

  3. Expansion tank - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_tank

    An expansion tank or expansion vessel is a small tank used to protect closed water heating systems and domestic hot water systems from excessive pressure. The tank is partially filled with air, whose compressibility cushions shock caused by water hammer [citation needed] and absorbs excess water pressure caused by thermal expansion. [1]

  4. Hydropneumatic device - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropneumatic_device

    Hydropneumatic water hammer preventers are chambers of sufficient volume to allow an extension of time in which a given flow may be accelerated or decelerated without sudden large change in pressure. See also expansion tank. When shock waves of an incompressible fluid within a piping system exist, especially at a high velocity, there is a high ...

  5. Hydraulic ram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ram

    The momentum of the water flow in the inlet pipe against the now closed waste valve causes a water hammer that raises the pressure in the pump beyond the pressure caused by the water column pressing down from the outlet. This pressure differential now opens the delivery valve [5], and forces some water to flow into the delivery pipe [3].

  6. Cavitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation

    Supercavitation – Use of a cavitation bubble to reduce skin friction drag on a submerged object; Supercavitating propeller – Marine propeller designed to operate with a full cavitation bubble; Water hammer – Pressure surge when a fluid is forced to stop or change direction suddenly

  7. Surge tank - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surge_tank

    The Blue Ridge Dam and surge tank. A surge tank (or surge drum or surge pool) is a standpipe or storage reservoir at the downstream end of a closed aqueduct, feeder pipe, or dam to absorb sudden rises of pressure, as well as to quickly provide extra water during a brief drop in pressure.

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    mail.aol.com

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  9. Water softening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

    Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes